PENGARUH MENTAL WORKLOAD TERHADAP SITUATIONAL AWARENESS PILOT MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN BERJADWAL DI INDONESIA DALAM PENERBANGAN AUTOPILOT

Astika, Made Bagastya Wira PENGARUH MENTAL WORKLOAD TERHADAP SITUATIONAL AWARENESS PILOT MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN BERJADWAL DI INDONESIA DALAM PENERBANGAN AUTOPILOT. Pengaruh Mental Workload Terhadap Situationa Awareness Pilot Maskapai Penerbangan Berjadwal di Indonesia Dalam Penerbangan Autopilot. (Submitted)

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Abstract

Kemajuan teknologi dalam dunia penerbangan modern telah menjadikan sistem autopilot sebagai bagian integral dalam operasi pesawat, dengan tujuan utama mengurangi beban kerja mental pilot. Namun, berbagai kecelakaan dalam dekade terakhir justru menunjukkan bahwa sistem otomasi tidak serta merta menghilangkan risiko kognitif, melainkan menciptakan tantangan baru terhadap keterlibatan mental dan situational awareness (SA) pilot. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh mental workload terhadap situational awareness pilot dalam konteks penerbangan berbasis autopilot. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan dengan desain regresi linier sederhana dan multivariat. Variabel mental workload diukur menggunakan NASA Task Load Index (NASA- TLX), sedangkan situational awareness diukur melalui instrumen SART (Situational Awareness Rating Technique) yang terdiri atas tiga dimensi: attentional demand, attentional supply, dan understanding. Sampel dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 65 pilot maskapai penerbangan berjadwal di Indonesia yang aktif menerbangkan pesawat dengan autopilot.
Hasil analisis regresi sederhana menunjukkan bahwa mental workload memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap seluruh dimensi situational awareness. Mental workload berpengaruh positif terhadap attentional demand, namun memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap attentional supply, understanding, dan total skor situational awareness. Pendalaman analisis dengan regresi multivariat mengungkapkan bahwa dimensi mental demand, effort, dan frustration secara spesifik berkontribusi positif terhadap peningkatan attentional demand, dengan frustration menunjukkan pengaruh paling kuat. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa tingginya beban kerja mental tidak hanya berpotensi mengganggu proses persepsi, pemahaman, dan proyeksi situasi, tetapi juga dapat memicu peningkatan kebutuhan atensi di bawah tekanan kognitif maupun emosional. Implikasi dari hasil ini menunjukkan pentingnya perancangan sistem otomatis yang mempertimbangkan aspek human factors secara komprehensif, serta pengembangan pelatihan yang tidak hanya berfokus pada penguasaan sistem autopilot, tetapi juga pada kemampuan pilot dalam mempertahankan keterlibatan kognitif secara aktif. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan strategi mitigasi workload guna menjaga situational awareness dalam operasi penerbangan modern.

Kata Kunci: mental workload, situational awareness, autopilot, penerbangan, human factors

Advancements in modern aviation technology have made the autopilot system an integral part of flight operations, with the primary goal of reducing pilots’ mental workload. However, several accidents in the past decade indicate that automation does not necessarily eliminate cognitive risks, but rather creates new challenges for pilots’ mental engagement and situational awareness (SA). This study aims to empirically examine the effect of mental workload on pilots’ situational awareness in the context of autopilot-based flight operations. A quantitative approach was employed using both simple linear regression and multivariate regression. Mental workload was measured using the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), while situational awareness was assessed with the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART), which consists of three dimensions: attentional demand, attentional supply, and understanding. The sample comprised 65 airline pilots in Indonesia who actively operate aircraft with autopilot.
The simple regression results show that mental workload significantly affects all dimensions of situational awareness. Mental workload positively influences attentional demand, but negatively influences attentional supply, understanding, and the overall situational awareness score. Further analysis using multivariate regression revealed that the dimensions of mental demand, effort, and frustration specifically contribute positively to increased attentional demand, with frustration showing the strongest effect. These findings suggest that high mental workload not only disrupts perception, comprehension, and projection processes, but also triggers greater attentional requirements under cognitive and emotional pressure. The implications highlight the importance of designing automated systems that comprehensively consider human factors, as well as developing training programs that focus not only on mastering autopilot systems but also on enhancing pilots’ ability to actively sustain cognitive engagement. This study is expected to contribute to the development of workload mitigation strategies to maintain situational awareness in modern flight operations.

Keywords: mental workload, situational awareness, autopilot, flight operations, human factors

Item Type: Article
Uncontrolled Keywords: mental workload, situational awareness, autopilot, penerbangan,human factors mental workload, situational awareness, autopilot, flight operations, human factors
Subjects: H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications
Q Science > QP Physiology
T Technology > TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Divisions: DIV Penerbang
Depositing User: Mr. Made Bagastya Wira Astika
Date Deposited: 08 Sep 2025 02:06
Last Modified: 08 Sep 2025 02:06
URI: http://repository.ppicurug.ac.id/id/eprint/684

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