ANALISIS FAKTOR KONTRIBUTOR ABNORMAL RUNWAY CONTACT(ARC) DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2015–2024 DENGAN METODE FISHBONE MODEL

Di Indonesia, masalah ARC menjadi perhatian serius mengingat kondisi geografis negara kepulauan yang mengandalkan transportasi udara untuk konektivitas antarwilayah. Data dari Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi (KNKT) menunjukkan bahwa insiden ARC terus berulang. Kejadian ARC bukan merupakan hasil dari faktor tunggal, melainkan interaksi kompleks antara berbagai elemen dalam sistem penerbangan. Faktor-faktor ini mencakup aspek manusia (human
factors), kondisi cuaca dan lingkungan, kondisi teknis pesawat, serta prosedur operasional. Insiden Abnormal runway contact (ARC), seperti hard landing, bounced landing, dan off-center touchdown, merupakan salah satu isu keselamatan
penerbangan yang signifikan dan berisiko sistemik. Laporan investigasi dari Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi (KNKT) menunjukkan bahwa kejadian ARC masih terjadi secara berulang di Indonesia, terutama pada bandara perintis dengan infrastruktur terbatas selama periode 2015–2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan Fishbone Diagram untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab yang terbagi menjadi lima kategori: manusia, mesin, metode, material, dan lingkungan. Hasil menunjukkan faktor manusia
sebagai penyumbang terbesar (58,3%), terutama abnormal condition, kelemahan Crew Resource Management, keputusan yang tidak tepat, dan perceptual error. Faktor lingkungan (33,33%) meliputi windshear, cuaca ekstrem, dan kondisi
landasan. Faktor teknis dan prosedural, meski lebih kecil, mencakup degradasi komponen roda pendarat serta inkonsistensi prosedur. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya pelatihan berbasis skenario abnormal, peningkatan kesadaran situasional, optimalisasi pemeliharaan, serta adaptasi kebijakan keselamatan sesuai karakteristik bandara perintis, guna mendorong penurunan insiden ARC dan memperkuat keselamatan penerbangan nasional.

Kata kunci: Abnormal Runway Contact, investigasi kecelakaan, Fishbone Model, KNKT, keselamatan penerbangan.

In Indonesia, the issue of ARC is a serious concern given the geographical
conditions of this archipelagic country, which relies on air transportation for
interregional connectivity. Data from the National Transportation Safety
Committee (KNKT) shows that ARC incidents continue to recur. ARC incidents are
not the result of a single factor, but rather a complex interaction between various
elements in the aviation system. These factors include human factors, weather and
environmental conditions, aircraft technical conditions, and operational
procedures. Abnormal runway contact (ARC) incidents, such as hard landings,
bounced landings, and off-center touchdowns, are significant aviation safety issues
with systemic risks. Investigation reports from the National Transportation Safety
Committee (KNKT) indicate that ARC incidents continue to occur repeatedly in
Indonesia, particularly at pioneer airports with limited infrastructure during the
period 2015–2024. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a
Fishbone Diagram to identify causal factors divided into five categories: human,
machine, method, material, and environment. The results indicate that human
factors are the largest contributor (58.3%), particularly abnormal conditions,
weaknesses in Crew Resource Management, improper decisions, and perceptual
errors. Environmental factors (33.33%) include windshear, extreme weather, and
runway conditions. Technical and procedural factors, although smaller, include
landing gear component degradation and procedural inconsistencies. These
findings emphasize the need for abnormal scenario-based training, increased
situational awareness, maintenance optimization, and adaptation of safety policies
in accordance with the characteristics of pioneer airports, in order to reduce ARC
incidents and strengthen national aviation safety.
Keywords: Abnormal Runway Contact, accident investigation, Fishbone Model,
KNKT, aviation safety