-, PUTRANANDHA RAMA DWI KUSUMA ANALISIS PENGARUH COLD EXPANSION TERHADAP KEKUATAN FASTENER HOLE PADA SHEET METAL ALUMINIUM ALLOY 2024-T4. ANALISIS PENGARUH COLD EXPANSION TERHADAP KEKUATAN FASTENER HOLE PADA SHEET METAL ALUMINIUM ALLOY 2024-T4. (Submitted)
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Abstract
Struktur pesawat udara, khususnya bagian skin, merupakan komponen kritis yang menahan pembebanan berulang (cyclic loading) selama operasi penerbangan sehingga kekuatannya harus tetap memenuhi standar kelaikudaraan (airworthiness). Salah satu area kritis pada struktur skin adalah fastener hole, yaitu lubang sambungan mekanis yang menimbulkan konsentrasi tegangan (stress concentration) di sekitar tepinya, dengan faktor konsentrasi tegangan teoritis (Kt) untuk pelat berlubang pada pembebanan tarik uniaksial bernilai sekitar 3,0. Data inspeksi PT GMF AeroAsia periode 2021–2025 mencatat 88 kasus kerusakan berupa burn mark dan pitting akibat lightning strike pada fastener pesawat Airbus A330, yang umumnya ditangani melalui proses perbaikan (repair) berupa penggantian rivet. Perbaikan tersebut berpotensi memperlemah kekuatan struktur pada area fastener hole apabila tidak didukung metode penguatan yang tepat, sehingga dapat mempercepat crack initiation dan fatigue failure. Salah satu metode penguatan yang digunakan dalam industri penerbangan adalah cold expansion, yaitu proses deformasi plastis terkontrol pada fastener hole yang menghasilkan tegangan sisa tekan (compressive residual stress) di sekitar lubang untuk menghambat inisiasi dan pertumbuhan retak fatigue. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh proses cold expansion terhadap kekuatan struktur pesawat pada area fastener hole hasil perbaikan menggunakan metode uji tarik (tensile test), mencakup karakteristik kekuatan pada kondisi tanpa cold expansion serta perbedaannya dengan kondisi yang diberi perlakuan cold expansion. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen pada material Aluminium Alloy 2024-T4 yang umum digunakan pada komponen skin pesawat komersial, mengacu pada standar ASTM E8/E8M (Lampiran A). Spesimen dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu material normal tanpa lubang (S-N), material dengan fastener hole hasil perbaikan tanpa cold expansion (S-WCE), dan material dengan fastener hole hasil perbaikan yang diberi cold expansion dengan tingkat interferensi 3% sesuai rekomendasi Airbus SRM (Lampiran B) (S-CE), masing-masing sebanyak tiga spesimen. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, dan elongation. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa spesimen normal (S-N) memiliki nilai UTS rata-rata 469,0 MPa, yield strength 324,0 MPa, dan elongation 19,0%. Keberadaan fastener hole tanpa cold expansion (S-WCE) menurunkan seluruh parameter tersebut secara signifikan, yaitu UTS menjadi 399,6 MPa (turun 14,80%), yield strength menjadi 270,8 MPa (turun 16,42%), dan elongation menjadi 13,1% (turun 31,05%). Sebaliknya, perlakuan cold expansion pada spesimen S-CE mampu memulihkan kekuatan material secara signifikan dibandingkan S-WCE, dengan UTS meningkat menjadi 458,3 MPa (naik 14,69%), yield strength meningkat menjadi 312,7 MPa (naik 15,47%), dan elongation meningkat menjadi 17,0% (naik 29,77%). Nilai UTS hasil cold expansion tersebut telah memenuhi persyaratan minimum material specification Airbus untuk Aluminium Alloy 2024-T4 sebesar 427 MPa, dengan selisih terhadap kondisi normal yang menyempit dari 14,80% (S-WCE) menjadi hanya 2,28% (S-CE) berdasarkan analisis perbandingan berpasangan (pairwise comparison) antar ketiga kondisi spesimen. Peningkatan kekuatan pada spesimen S-CE terjadi melalui mekanisme pembentukan tegangan sisa tekan di sekitar fastener hole akibat deformasi plastis terkontrol selama proses cold expansion, yang menurunkan tegangan efektif akibat konsentrasi tegangan sekaligus menghambat inisiasi dan perambatan retak akibat fatigue. Berdasarkan hubungan empiris antara UTS dan fatigue limit pada paduan aluminium (Se ≈ 0,35×UTS), serta didukung oleh temuan penelitian terdahulu yang menunjukkan korelasi kuat antara UTS/yield strength dengan ketahanan fatigue, peningkatan UTS pada kondisi S-CE turut mengindikasikan peningkatan ketahanan fatigue dibandingkan kondisi S-WCE, meskipun estimasi ini masih bersifat pendekatan kualitatif yang memerlukan validasi lebih lanjut melalui pengujian fatigue aktual. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa cold expansion terbukti menjadi metode perbaikan struktural yang efektif dan komprehensif untuk memulihkan kekuatan mekanik statik material Aluminium Alloy 2024-T4 pada area fastener hole hasil perbaikan (repair), sehingga material yang telah diperbaiki dapat dinyatakan memenuhi standar kelaikudaraan. Temuan ini mendukung adopsi cold expansion sebagai bagian dari prosedur standar perawatan dan perbaikan (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul/MRO) pada skin pesawat Airbus A330 Series, khususnya dalam menangani kerusakan akibat lightning strike di PT GMF AeroAsia, guna meningkatkan keselamatan dan keandalan operasional pesawat secara berkelanjutan.
Aircraft structures, particularly the skin, are critical components that must withstand cyclic loading throughout flight operations, requiring their strength to consistently meet airworthiness standards. One critical area of the skin structure is the fastener hole, a mechanical joint opening that inherently creates stress concentration around its edge, with a theoretical stress concentration factor (Kt) of approximately 3.0 for a plate with a hole under uniaxial tensile loading. Inspection data from PT GMF AeroAsia for the 2021-2025 period recorded 88 cases of damage in the form of burn marks and pitting caused by lightning strikes on Airbus A330 fasteners, which are generally addressed through repair involving rivet replacement. Such repairs can potentially weaken the structural strength around the fastener hole if not supported by an appropriate strengthening method, thereby accelerating crack initiation and fatigue failure. One strengthening method widely used in the aviation industry is cold expansion, a controlled plastic deformation process applied to the fastener hole that generates compressive residual stress around the hole to inhibit fatigue crack initiation and propagation. This study aims to analyze the effect of the cold expansion process on the structural strength of aircraft in the repaired fastener hole area using the tensile test method, covering the strength characteristics under conditions without cold expansion as well as the differences compared to conditions treated with cold expansion. The research employs a quantitative approach with an experimental method on Aluminum Alloy 2024-T4, a material commonly used in commercial aircraft skin components, referring to the ASTM E8/E8M standard (Appendix A). Specimens were divided into three groups: untreated (normal) material without a hole (S-N), material with a repaired fastener hole without cold expansion (S-WCE), and material with a repaired fastener hole treated with cold expansion at a 3% interference level following Airbus SRM recommendations (Appendix B) (S-CE), with three specimens for each group. The parameters analyzed included ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, and elongation. The test results showed that the normal specimen (S-N) had an average UTS of 469.0 MPa, yield strength of 324.0 MPa, and elongation of 19.0%. The presence of a fastener hole without cold expansion (S-WCE) significantly reduced all these parameters, with UTS decreasing to 399.6 MPa (a 14.80% reduction), yield strength decreasing to 270.8 MPa (a 16.42% reduction), and elongation decreasing to 13.1% (a 31.05% reduction). Conversely, the cold expansion treatment applied to the
S-CE specimen significantly restored the material strength compared to S-WCE, with
UTS increasing to 458.3 MPa (a 14.69% increase), yield strength increasing to 312.7 MPa (a 15.47% increase), and elongation increasing to 17.0% (a 29.77% increase). The resulting UTS value met the minimum Airbus material specification requirement for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T4 of 427 MPa, with the gap relative to the normal condition narrowing from 14.80% (S-WCE) to only 2.28% (S-CE) based on a pairwise comparison analysis across the three specimen conditions. The strength recovery observed in the S-CE specimen occurred through the mechanism of compressive residual stress formation around the fastener hole resulting from controlled plastic deformation during the cold expansion process, which reduces the effective stress caused by stress concentration while inhibiting fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Based on the empirical relationship between UTS and fatigue limit for aluminum alloys (Se ≈ 0.35×UTS), and supported by prior studies indicating a strong correlation between UTS/yield strength and fatigue resistance, the increase in UTS under the S-CE condition also indicates improved fatigue resistance compared to the S-WCE condition, although this estimate remains a qualitative approximation that requires further validation through actual fatigue testing. It can therefore be concluded that cold expansion is an effective and comprehensive structural repair method for restoring the static mechanical strength of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T4 in repaired fastener hole areas, allowing the repaired material to be considered compliant with airworthiness standards. These findings support the adoption of cold expansion as part of the standard Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) procedure for Airbus A330 Series aircraft skin, particularly in addressing damage caused by lightning strikes at PT GMF AeroAsia, in order to sustainably enhance flight safety and operational
reliability.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | cold expansion, tensile test, aluminium alloy 2024, fastener hole, fatigue, repair, pairwise comparison cold expansion, tensile test, aluminum alloy 2024, fastener hole, fatigue, repair, pairwise comparison |
| Subjects: | H Social Sciences > HE Transportation and Communications |
| Divisions: | DIV Teknik Pesawat Udara > 17 |
| Depositing User: | Mr. Putranandha Rama Dwi Kusuma - |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Sep 2026 04:16 |
| Last Modified: | 04 Sep 2026 04:16 |
| URI: | http://repository.ppicurug.ac.id/id/eprint/1102 |
